EU freedom of movement: Many Polish workers are leaving Germany

The latest figures from the Institute for Employment Research mark a remarkable turning point: For the first time since the introduction of full freedom of movement for workers in 2011, more Polish nationals are leaving Germany than are immigrating . This trend not only highlights the attractiveness of the German labor market, but also structural challenges that have received too little attention in the migration policy discourse so far.

A decade of Polish immigration to Germany

For years, Germany was a stable and reliable destination country for Polish nationals. Integration into the labor market was largely successful: a large proportion of Polish workers are employed in skilled trades , around 40 percent in unskilled jobs, and almost ten percent in specialist or expert roles. Particularly noteworthy is the above-average representation in shortage occupations – that is, in those sectors where the labor shortage is especially pronounced (e.g., IT). Despite this structural importance, net immigration has declined significantly in recent years; a negative migration balance was recorded in 2024.

Between commitment and temporary perspectives

The analysis shows that the majority of Polish immigrants still indicate their intention to remain permanently in Germany. However, compared to other migrant groups, this intention to stay is somewhat less pronounced . At the same time, the growing preference for temporary stays is striking. Many Polish nationals apparently view Germany less as a permanent home and more as a stopover – whether for economic reasons or due to personal life plans.

Younger people, in particular, are increasingly losing interest in Germany. While Germany was considered the most attractive destination for 18- to 34-year-olds between 2009 and 2013, it was significantly overtaken by the USA between 2019 and 2024. This shift in sentiment is problematic for Germany's skilled worker strategy, as young, mobile workers are crucial for the long-term stability of the labor market.

Increasing desires of Polish workers to leave the country

Around a third of Polish citizens living in Germany considered leaving the country last year. Interestingly, however, only four percent have concrete plans. Among those considering returning, 68 percent intend to go back to Poland; another nine percent want to emigrate to Switzerland. The motives vary considerably depending on the destination: those returning to Poland often cite personal reasons such as proximity to friends and family, or the familiar language. Those planning to move to another country, on the other hand, are often motivated by economic factors – an indication of the perception of Germany's declining economic attractiveness.

The reasons for leaving Germany are multifaceted, but the data reveals clear priorities. Fifty-eight percent of respondents cite the economic situation as a key factor. Another 56 percent point to the political situation, while 46 percent view the tax burden critically. Structural challenges also play a role: 38 percent find bureaucracy obstructive and frustrating. Personal preferences are cited as a reason for returning by 30 percent.

What does this trend mean for Germany and for residency rights?

For Germany, this development is a warning sign. Polish nationals have been among the most stable and best-integrated migrant groups for years – both culturally and in the labor market (especially due to the freedom of movement within Europe ). The fact that they are now increasingly considering emigration shows that attractiveness is not a static factor. Economic uncertainties, increasing bureaucratic hurdles, and political upheavals appear to be weakening Germany's appeal in the eyes of many.

In the context of residency law and skilled worker immigration, this trend illustrates that successful migration does not depend solely on legal frameworks. Working conditions, societal perceptions, administrative burdens, and economic prospects are also crucial. If these factors deteriorate, even generous immigration regulations are insufficient to retain skilled workers long-term.